India

The history of India begins with the Indus Valley Civilisation, which flourished in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent from 3300 to 1700 BC. This Bronze Age civilisation was followed by the Iron Age Vedic period, which witnessed the rise of major kingdoms known as the Mahajanapadas. In the 6th century BC, in two of these kingdoms, Mahavira and Gautama Buddha were born. The subcontinent was united under the Maurya Empire during the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. It subsequently became fragmented, with various parts ruled by numerous Middle kingdoms for the next ten centuries. Its northern regions were united once again in the 4th century AD, and remained so for two centuries thereafter, under the Gupta Empire. This period was known as the ""Golden Age of India."" During the same time, and for several centuries afterwards, India, experienced its own golden age under the rule of the Chalukyas, Cholas, Pallavas and Pandyas, during which Hinduism and Buddhism spread to much of south-east Asia. Islam arrived at the subcontinent early in the 8th century AD with the conquest of Baluchistan and Sindh by Muhammad bin Qasim. Islamic invasions from Central Asia between the 10th and 15th centuries AD brought most of northern India under the rule of, at first the Delhi Sultanate and later of the Mughals. Mughal rule, which ushered in a remarkable flowering of art and architecture, came to cover large parts of the subcontinent. However, several independent kingdoms, such as the Vijayanagara Empire, flourished contemporaneously, especially in southern India. Beginning in the mid-18th century and over the next century, India was gradually annexed by the British East India Company. Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, after which India was directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of both rapid development of infrastructure and economic decline. During the first half of the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched by the Indian National Congress, and later joined by the Muslim League. The subcontinent gained independence from Great Britain in 1947, after being partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan.